how to draw 3d zebra crossing

Blazon of pedestrian crossing

A zebra crossing (British English) or a marked crosswalk (American English) is a pedestrian crossing marked with white stripes (zebra markings).^[1] Usually, pedestrians are afforded precedence over vehicular traffic, although the significance of the markings may vary by jurisdiction. They are known as "zebra" crossings as the stripes resemble the coat of a zebra.

The first zebra crossing was installed in Slough, United kingdom in 1951 to enhance pedestrian safety at new and already existing crossing points.^[2] Since then, zebra markings have been used at crossing points internationally to denote pedestrian crossings. Many have been replaced by various types of signalled crossing due to safety concerns.^[3]

Terminology and usage of the markings varies past country. In the UK and other Commonwealth countries, they are usually called zebra crossings, as the stripes resemble the striped coat of a zebra.^[2] In the U.k., zebra markings are only constitute at unsignalised, standalone zebra crossings and must exist accompanied with upright belisha beacons. In the The states, they can be establish at any type of crossing.

History [edit]

Etymology [edit]

The origin of the zebra title is debated.^[4] It is more often than not attributed to British MP James Callaghan who, in 1948, visited the country's Transport and Road Enquiry Laboratory which was working on a new thought for safe pedestrian crossings. On being shown a black and white blueprint, Callaghan is said to have remarked that it resembled a zebra.^{[5] [6] [seven]} Callaghan did non himself claim authorship of the term.^[4]

Introduction [edit]

The starting time zebra crossing was introduced on Slough High Street in the United Kingdom on 31 October 1951.^[8] Pedestrian crossings with Belisha beacons had been in use in the Britain since the 1930s, originally introduced under Section 18 of the Road Traffic Act, 1934.^[9] The Belisha buoy is an upright crossing marker, all the same required by zebra and parallel crossings in the UK, named after the Minister of Transport in 1934, Leslie Hore-Belisha.^[10]

However, with an increase of auto traffic, the effectiveness of the beacons was waning; both pedestrians and drivers were ignoring the crossing. From 1949 to 1951, the and so-named Ministry of Transport experimented with designs to meliorate visibility and increase usage, until the familiar blackness and white stripes were introduced.^[xi] The zebra crossing was and so trailled at i,000 experimental sites across the UK at this time.^{[12] [13]} The zebra markings are credited to physicist and traffic engineer George Charlesworth, who was the commencement head of the traffic section at the Road Research Laboratory.^[10]

Characteristics [edit]

The crossing is characterised by longitudinal stripes on the road, parallel to the flow of the traffic, alternately a lite color and a dark one. The similarity of these markings to those of a zebra gave rise to the crossing'south proper noun. The low-cal colour is unremarkably white and the dark color may be painted – in which case blackness is typical – or left unpainted if the route surface itself is dark. The stripes are typically twoscore–60 cm (16–24 in) wide.^{[ citation needed ]}

Sometimes, zebra crossings are placed on a speed bump, meaning the zebra crossing is level with the pavement. This is done to make it safer for pedestrians to cross, since drivers need to slow down to go over the speed bump. However, this is more expensive than a traditional zebra crossing, and can impede the period of traffic and response times for emergency vehicles, especially on roads with college speed limits.

In the United Kingdom, the crossing is marked with Belisha beacons, which are flashing amber globes on black and white posts on each side of the road, named after Leslie Hore-Belisha, the Government minister of Transport, who introduced them in 1934. Pedestrians accept priority when they step onto the crossing: The Highway Lawmaking states that road traffic "MUST give mode when a pedestrian has moved onto a crossing."^[14]

In other countries, such as the United States, zebra crossings are likewise used on pedestrian crossings controlled by traffic signals.^[xv]

Method of marker [edit]

The lines of a zebra crossing are commonly laid down by a road marking machine. Because the width of crossing lines is wider than other traffic lines, the marking shoe of a zebra cantankerous mark machine is accordingly wider. The machine is hand pushed.^[sixteen]

Zebra crossings by country [edit]

United kingdom [edit]

In the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, it is the law that all road users, including motorists, give fashion to pedestrians who have fix foot on a zebra crossing. A fine of £100 and three licence punishment points is given to those failing to requite manner at the crossings. This penalization has attracted criticisms of leniency when compared to other countries which enforce fines of up to £2,000.^[17] For failing to give way at a zebra crossing patrolled by a school crossing patrol ("lollipop man/lady" as they are ordinarily called), however, the penalisation rises to £1,000 and a minimum of iii licence points, with the possibility even of disqualification.^[eighteen] In the United Kingdom, motorists take to stop for a crossing patrol, even when it is not on a pedestrian crossing.^{[19] [xx]}

In the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, lollipop men or women (school crossing patrols) oft attend zebra crossings near schools, at the hours when schoolchildren arrive and leave. Their widely used nickname arose because of the warning sign they hold up every bit they stop traffic: the sign is a large round disc on a long pole and thus resembles a giant lollipop, although they were originally of a square blueprint.^{[ citation needed ]}

Continental Europe & the Center East [edit]

Red-and-white zebra crossing in Sofia, Bulgaria

In Germany, Scandinavia, and most other European countries, pedestrians have correct of way if they are nonetheless on the kerb but about to enter the crossing.

In Switzerland yellow stripes are used for pedestrian crossings. Unlike a yellow tiger crossing in the Uk, however, cyclists are required to dismount to cross.

In Lebanon, striped crossings are the preferred pedestrian crossing type, though many other variations exist. Zebra crossings are painted mostly at signalised intersections and roundabouts. They are also widely used in school areas and finish sign regulated intersections. They provide priority and right of manner to pedestrians under all circumstances.

North America [edit]

The different crosswalk styles used in the U.s.a.

In North America, pedestrian crossings are almost exclusively chosen crosswalks, merely depending on the marker way, they tin have unlike names.

Although zebra crossings exist in the Usa, the term is used to draw a blazon of diagonal crosswalk with 2 parallel lines painted over the stripes, similar just not identical to the ladder style. Instead, zebra crossings are called "continental crosswalks" and are the preferred style in many states because of its enhanced visibility compared to the other mark styles. In most areas of Canada, standard parallel lines markings are the preferred crosswalk style, except in Toronto where zebra markings are widely used.

Oceania [edit]

In New Zealand, motorists are required to give way to pedestrians. Pedestrians wishing to cross the route inside twenty 1000 (66 ft) of a crossing facility (which includes zebra crossings) must utilize a crossing facility.^[21]

In Australia, raised zebra crossings are sometimes called wombat crossings.^[22]

Compliance [edit]

A 1998 Swedish study past A Várhelyi at Lund Academy found that the frequency of giving way at zebra crossings was 5% and drivers typically did not detect the police concerning speed behaviour at the zebra crossing. Speed behaviour in encounters (148 observations), not-encounters with pedestrian presence (642 observations) and situations without pedestrian presence (690 observations) were compared.

Three out of four drivers maintained the same speed or accelerated and only one out of 4 slowed down or braked. The study ended that encounters between cars and pedestrians at the zebra crossing were critical situations in which the driver had to be influenced before he reached the decision zone at fifty to 80 thousand (160 to 260 ft) before the zebra crossing, in gild to prevent "signalling by speed" behaviour.^[23]

Alternative designs [edit]

Cow crossing [edit]

The city of A Coruña in Galicia, Kingdom of spain, has opted for spots rather than stripes at a pedestrian crossing, resembling a cow instead of a zebra. The reason for this option is to recognize the importance of the animal for the region'southward farming.^[24]

Tiger and parallel crossings [edit]

A tiger crossing is a variation used in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. It is painted yellowish and black. In the U.k., it allows cyclists to cross in a central area of the road without dismounting, and obliges motorists to give mode to both cyclists and pedestrians. Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire experimented with tiger crossings during 2006–2007, but replaced them with toucan crossings.^[25] A tiger crossing was introduced in Portsmouth in 2019.^[26]

"3-dimensional" crossings [edit]

A number of countries have experimented with "three-dimensional" zebra crossings based on an optical illusion. The white stripes of the crossing appear to hover higher up the ground as though they were a physical bulwark. Although intended to improve pedestrian safety on the crossings, they take also been popular with tourists who similar to be photographed crossing them, appearing to hover to a higher place the footing. Such crossings tin can be found in Australia, Republic of iceland, Malaysia, Bharat, New Zealand and the United States.^[27]

Crossings can exist combined with speed tables (i.eastward. raised sections of road designed to physically wearisome traffic down) as an additional prophylactic mensurate.

Rainbow crossings [edit]

A zebra crossing immediately outside the Russian Diplomatic mission in Helsinki was painted in summer 2013 with the colours of the rainbow to protest the Russian regime's policy towards lesbian and gay people, the rainbow beingness one symbol of the LGBT civilisation.^[28]

A similar protest has also been fabricated on a zebra crossing near the Russian Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.^[29]

In 2022 in Paris, the authorities decided to paint some crossings with rainbow borders for the Pride; those were supposed to exist temporary, merely after homophobic vandalism, the municipality declared that the rainbow stripes would remain permanently.^{[thirty] [31]}

In pop civilisation [edit]

A zebra crossing appears on the comprehend of The Beatles' Abbey Route anthology. The cover made the crossing a tourist attraction, and it has been incorporated into the Abbey Road Studios logo. Since the Abbey Road photo was taken, zigzag lines at the kerb and in the centre of the road have been added to all zebra crossings. English language Heritage has given this crossing Form 2 listed building status.^[32]

There is also a natural language-in-cheek reference to zebra crossings in the science-fiction comedy The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Milky way by English writer Douglas Adams, in reference to Human using the improbable fauna chosen the Babel fish every bit proof of the not-existence of God; the novel says, "Homo then goes on to prove that black is white and gets himself killed at the next zebra crossing."

The La Paz traffic zebras is a team of young people who dress in zebra costumes and dance in the streets of La Paz, Bolivia, in order to make drivers and pedestrians aware of traffic rules.

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Yellow zebra crossing in Switzerland.

• 

  A zebra crossing outside the Russian Embassy, Helsinki painted with a rainbow.

• 

  A rainbow zebra crossing in Paris, July 2018.

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "ZEBRA CROSSING | Meaning & Definition for U.k. English language | Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries | English . Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
2. ^ ^{a b} Mag, Smithsonian; Eschner, Kat. "A Short History of the Crosswalk". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
3. ^ "Terminate of the road for the zebra?". The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
4. ^ ^{a b} "The cognition: Zebra crossings". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
5. ^ Land, Black (26 Nov 2009). "All aboard the road to safety". Black Country Bugle. Archived from the original on 2014-08-20. Retrieved nineteen August 2014.
6. ^ shanegenziuk (2013-07-09). "A Striped History – The Story Of The Zebra Crossing". Ground to Ground . Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
7. ^ Alfred, Randy. "Oct. 31, 1951: We'll Cross That Street When Nosotros Come to It". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
8. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Eschner, Kat. "A Curt History of the Crosswalk". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
9. ^ "Road Traffic Act, 1934" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-ten-25. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
10. ^ ^{a b} "George Charlesworth". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
11. ^ Archives, The National. "Public Data Films | 1945 to 1951 | Pedestrian Crossing". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2022-01-02 .
12. ^ Archives, The National. "Public Information Films - 1945 to 1951 - Pedestrian Crossing". www.nationalarchives.gov.united kingdom. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
13. ^ "All liked "Zebra" crossings". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 32, 344. Victoria, Australia. 2 May 1950. p. 6. Retrieved 25 Oct 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
14. ^ "Using the road - Pedestrian crossings (191 to 199)". The Highway Code. Archived from the original on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 10 Nov 2017.
15. ^ "Regeln am Fussgängerstreifen" [Rules on the pedestrian stripe] (in German). Touring Gild Schweiz. Archived from the original on 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2017-11-ten .
16. ^ "DY-HPTP Hand-push Thermoplastic Screeding Pedestrian Road Marking Machine". Archived from the original on 2014-09-12. Retrieved 2014-09-28 .
17. ^ Millward, David (22 October 2008). "Zebra crossing road deaths treble". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-04-05 .
18. ^ Road Safe Wales (2010-03-04). "School Crossing Patrol – News". Roadsafetywales.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-nineteen .
19. ^ Qureshi, Yakub (2013-12-18). "Annalise Holt death: Oldham schoolgirl aged 12 who died after existence striking by a van at zebra crossing named by law". Mirror Online. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-nineteen .
20. ^ "Lollipop women and men in the firing line". Southern Daily Echo. 2012-05-21. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-19 .
21. ^ Auckland Transport. "Pedestrian crossings". Auckland Transport. Retrieved 2016-04-07 .
22. ^ "Crossings". The Commuter's Handbook. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved eleven August 2017.
23. ^ Várhelyi, A. (1998). "Drivers' speed behaviour at a zebra crossing: A case study". Blow Analysis and Prevention. 30 (6): 731–43. doi:x.1016/S0001-4575(98)00026-eight. PMID 9805516.
24. ^ Pontevedra, Silvia R. (2018-08-30). "Dear dairy: Galicia ditches zebras for cows at a urban center crosswalk". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 2018-08-thirty. Retrieved 2018-08-30 .
25. ^ Buckinghamshire County Quango (2006). "Aylesbury hub Cabinet report". honestjohn.co.uk. Archived from the original (http) on Feb 17, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
26. ^ Melton, Byron (13 February 2019). "This busy road will close as Portsmouth'south commencement 'tiger crossing' is installed – and contained firms say their trade will have a hitting". The News. Portsmouth. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
27. ^ Bhole, Aneeta (29 May 2018). "Outback town takes a 3D approach to slowing motorists at pedestrian crossings". ABC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
28. ^ "Rainbow zebra crossing protest at Russian diplomatic mission". Yle Uutiset. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2018-07-27 .
29. ^ "Crosswalk at Russian Diplomatic mission in Sweden Painted Rainbow Colors in Protest of Anti-Gay Laws: Photo - Towleroad Gay News". Towleroad Gay News. 2013-08-xi. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2018-07-27 .
30. ^ BFMTV. "Les passages piétons arc-en-ciel à nouveau vandalisés à Paris". BFMTV (in French). Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2018-07-27 .
31. ^ BFMTV. "Des passages piétons aux couleurs LGBT seront permanents à Paris". BFMTV (in French). Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-07-27 .
32. ^ "Beatles' Abbey Road zebra crossing given listed condition". BBC Online. 22 December 2010. Archived from the original on xxx Dec 2010. Retrieved 2015-03-08 .

Sources [edit]

• History of Road Safety, Gerald Cummins
• The History of British Roadsigns

fullerhattp1939.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_crossing

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